|
| Scientific Analysis of Bronze Wares Unearthed from Chu Tombs of Danfeng Ancient City, Shaanxi Province |
|
Received:December 13, 2024
Published Online:May 30, 2025
|
| View Full Text View/Add Comment Download reader |
| DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.06.023 |
| KeyWord:Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City; Chu bronze wares; metallographic structure; alloy composition; trace element; copper provenance |
| Author | Institution |
| WANG Zhuo |
陕西科技大学 材料科学与工程学院（文物保护科学与技术学院），西安 |
| WANG Jiaojiao |
陕西科技大学 材料科学与工程学院（文物保护科学与技术学院），西安 |
| JI Juan |
陕西科技大学 材料科学与工程学院（文物保护科学与技术学院），西安 ;陕西省文物保护研究院，西安 |
| SHAO Anding |
陕西省文物保护研究院，西安 |
| ZHU Haobo |
陕西科技大学 材料科学与工程学院（文物保护科学与技术学院），西安 |
| DANG Xiaojuan |
陕西省文物保护研究院，西安 |
|
| Hits: 1869 |
| Download times: 2451 |
| Abstract: |
| Shangluo city is located in the southeast of Shaanxi Province, bordering Hubei and Henan provinces. It serves as an important hub for cultural exchange between the Guanzhong and Jianghan regions. During the Eastern Zhou Period, the bronze culture in this area had distinct characteristics. Moreover, the excavation of the Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City has filled a significant gap in the archaeological study of Chu culture in Shaanxi Province, with substantial historical, artistic, and scientific value. Previously, significant progress had been made in the research on the classification, periodization and cultural attributes of bronze wares unearthed from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City and the spatial structure characteristics of these tombs. However, there is still a gap in the study of the alloy composition, manufacturing techniques and copper provenance of the cemetery's bronze wares. To reveal the technological and cultural information contained in the bronze wares unearthed from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City, twenty-nine bronze wares were selected as study objects from all bronze wares, the manufacturing techniques, alloy composition and copper provenance of typical bronze wares were analyzed by polarization microscope(PM), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). Then, they were compared and discussed with the analysis results of bronze wares unearthed from surrounding areas to further explore the interactions and exchanges between various regions and cultures. The results indicate that twenty-two of the twenty-nine bronze wares are lead-tin bronze, while the remaining artifacts are tin bronze. This result accords with the pattern of the evolution of bronze alloys from Cu-Sn binary alloys to Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloys in pre-Qin Period. The tin content in the Cu-Sn alloys ranges from 13.65% to 24.09%, while the tin content in the Cu-Sn-Pb alloys ranges from 9.68% to 23.86%, and the lead content ranges from 4.41% to 18.35%. Overall, the tin content is concentrated between 12% and 15%, and the lead content is concentrated between 4% and 10%. The bronze wares contain high lead content, especially the lead content of most dagger-axes are higher than 10%, which is slightly higher than other types of bronze wares, but the tin content is lower than other types of bronze wares. According to the Cu-Sn phase diagram and ternary alloy tensile strength, hardness, elongation curve, most bronze wares exhibit good mechanical properties. The alloy ratio of the tested bronze wares from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City is relatively scientific, and the alloy composition aligning with the types of bronze wares, which further indicates that the bronze alloy technology in Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City had become increasingly sophisticated. By comparing the alloy composition between the Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City and Chu culture bronze wares from during the Eastern Zhou Period, the results show that the bronze wares unearthed from the Chu culture area during the Eastern Zhou Period are mainly composed of Cu-Sn binary alloys and Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloy. The alloying ratio of bronze wares unearthed from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City is relatively scientific, and the distribution range of lead and tin content of Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City is close to data from bronze wares unearthed in Chu cultural region. Although according to the geographical situation of the various states during the Eastern Zhou Period, this region has deviated from the heart of Chu; At the same time, during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Qin, Jin and Chu vassal states fight frequently in Shangluo area, Chu people needs to strengthen their military defenses, so there are certain requirements for the performance of military tools. In summary, the alloy composition of the tested bronze wares is consistent with the type of bronze wares, and the alloy composition is consistent with the alloy technology of bronze wares of Chu cultural relics during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Meanwhile, Shangluo region is located in the border zone of Qin, Jin and Chu, the bronze wares have diverse cultural attributes, including Jin culture, Qin culture, Chu culture and so on. Comparing the alloy composition between Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City and Qin and Jin culture bronze wares in the Eastern Zhou Period, there is an overall similarity between its alloy composition and that of the Q桩敮猠敡?扤爠潊湩穮攠?睵慬牴敵獲?栠慢獲?浮畺汥瑳椬瀠汩敮?慩瑣瑡牴楩扮畧琠整獨??吠桴楨獥?獦瑵畳摩祯?瀠牯潦瘠楑摩敮猭?獨捵椠散湵瑬楴晵楲捥?搬愠瑊慩?昭潃牨?琠档敵?捴潵湲獥敳爠癨慡瑶楥漠湡?慣湥摲?牡敩獮琠潩牮慦瑬極潥湮?潥映?扮爠潴湨穥攠?睬慬牯敹猠?慯湭摰?慳汩獴潩?灮爠潯癦椠摴敨獥?癣慥汭略慴扥汲敹?敳瘠楢摲敯湮捺敥?晷潡牲?慳?捤潵浲灩牮敧栠整湨獥椠癗敡?畲湩摮敧爠獓瑴慡湴摥楳渠材?潲晩?瑤栮攠??桬甠?卲瑯慮瑺敥?扷牡潲湥穳攠?睲慥爠敦獯?浮敤瑲慹氠汰畲牯杤祵?慴湳搠?捩慴獨瑯極湴朠?瑴敨捥桲渠潰汲潯杣祥?摳畩牮楧渮朠?瑨桥攠?坡慳牴物楮湧朠?却瑲慵瑣整獵?健攠牣楯潭摰?ises α-solid solution dendrites and (α+δ) eutectoids, with lead particles and sulfide inclusions distributed between the crystals, and free copper particles and slip bands could be seen in some crystals. Through the analysis and comparison of trace elements, the trace element characteristics of Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City are diverse, and its copper material source has multiple attributes. By analyzing trace element data from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City and Chu culture bronze wares from the Eastern Zhou Period, it is found that some bronze wares from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City have a high correlation with the trace element data of bronze wares from the Peng family Chu tombs, Xujialing cemeteries, Zuozhong Chu tombs, Xichuan Xiasi cemeteries, Qiaojiayuan cemeteries, and Shangcai Guozhuang Chu tombs, indicating that the copper materials source of part bronze wares is similar or consistents with the cemeteries mentioned above; The rest of the bronze wares have other mineral sources. To further explore the copper provenance of the Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City, its trace element data are analyzed with the trace element data of copper ingots, copper particles and copper blocks from Anhui, Hubei, Shanxi and Ningxia, the results show that the trace element data of some bronze wares from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City has the highest correlation with Hubei Daye Lingxiang and Daye Tonglushan. Therefore, the copper materials source of part bronze wares unearthed from Chu tombs of Danfeng Ancient City comes from the copper belt in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, while the copper materials source of the rest bronze wares remain to be verified, which indicate that the copper materials source of t |
| Close |
|
|
|